General Tips on Machining Kovar^® Alloy

(Also known as ASTM F15, NILO^® K, Pernifer^® 2918, Rodar^®, and Dilvar^® P1)

Characteristics I Coolant I Tooling I Turning I Drilling I Reaming I Tapping

Kovar ALLOY CHARACTERISTICS
Kovar Alloy is not hardenable by heat treatment. Kovar can be made harder through cold working only. The annealed hardness for Kovar Alloy is generally in the range of RB 70/80, whereas the 1¦4 H to 1¦2 H range for Kovar between RB 80/96. In the annealed condition, Kovar will be more difficult to machine because it is soft and gummy. The tools tend to plow the alloy instead of cutting into it and do not easily form chips. Surface scale oxide tightly adheres to and penetrates the surface to a greater extent than stainless steels. Machining is considerably improved by descaling the material. If there were standard machinability ratings applied for Kovar Alloy, Alloy AISI-B-1112 being measured as 100%, the percentage suggested for Kovar would be Kovar FM 60%.

Kovar ALLOY COOLANT
It is important to control heat buildup which is the major cause of warpage. Suggested coolants are Keycool 2000 or Prime Cut. Whatever lubricant is used for machining, it should not contain sulfur. Sulfur can effect the performance of many sealed electronic parts.

Kovar ALLOY TOOLING
T-15 Alloy, such as Vasco Supreme - manufactured by Vanadium Alloys Company, M-3 Type 2 such as Van Cut Type 2 - manufactured by Vanadium Alloys Company. Congo-manufactured by Braeburn.
For machining with carbide tools, a K-6 manufactured by Kennemetal, Firthite HA manufactured by Firth Sterling, or #370 Carboloy could be used, or a K2S manufactured by Kennemetal, or a Firthite T-04 manufactured by Firth Sterling would be satisfactory. One thing of prime importance is that all feathered or wire edges should be removed from the tools. They should be kept in excellent condition by repeated inspection.

TURNING Kovar ALLOY
If steel cutting tools are used, try a feed of approximately .010" to .012" per revolution and a speed as high as 35/FPM could probably be attained. Some of the angles on the cutting tools would be as follows:

End cutting edge angle - Approximately 7°
Nose radius - Approximately .005°
Side cutting edge angle - Approximately 15°
Back rake - Approximately 8°
Side rake - Approximately 8°

When cutting off, high-speed tools are better than carbide tools, and a feed of approximately .001" per revolution should be used. The cutting tools should have a front clearance of about 7° and a fairly big tip - larger than 25° would be helpful.

DRILLING Kovar ALLOY
When drilling a 3/16" diameter hole, a speed of about 40/FPM could possibly be used, and the feed should be about .002" to a .0025" per revolution, for a 1/2" hole, approximately the same speed could be used with a feed of about .0040" to .005" per revolution. The drills should be as short as possible, and it is desirable to make a thin web at the point by conventional methods. By conventional methods, we mean do not notch or make a crank shaft grind. It is suggested that heavy web type drills with nitrided or electrolyzed surfaces be used. The hole, of course, should be cleaned frequently in order to remove the chips, which will gall, and also for cooling. The drill should be ground to an included point angle of 118° to 120°.

REAMING Kovar ALLOY
Reaming speeds should be half the drill speed, but the feed should be about three times the drill speed. It is suggested that the margin on the land should be about .005" to .010", and that the chamfer should be .005" to .010" and the chamfer angle about 30°. The tools should be as short as possible and have a slight face rake of about 5° to 8°.

TAPPING Kovar ALLOY:
In tapping, a tap drill slightly larger than the standard drill recommended for conventional threads should be used, because the metal will probably flow into the cut. It is suggested that on automatic machines, a two or three fluted tapping tool should be used. For taps below 3/16", the two fluted would be best. Grind the face hook angle to 8° to 10°, and the tap should have a .003" to .005" chamfered edge. If binding occurs in the hole in tapping, the width of the land may be too great and it is suggested that the width of the heel be ground down. Again, it is suggested that nitrided or electrolyzed tools be used. Speed should be about 20/FPM.

Note: Applications specifically suggested for material described herein are made solely for the purpose of illustration to enable the reader to make his/her own evaluation. Guidelines are not intended as warranties, either expressed or implied, or fitness for these or other purposes. The data presented are typical of average values for all metal removal operations. They are not a guarantee of minimum or maximum values. Due to the distinguishing characteristics of each project, some metal/alloys may require adjustments (+/-) of speeds and/or feed which should be performed in small steps. Each job has to be developed for best production results with optimum tool life.